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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:110%;">

Common features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Process_management_(computing)" title="Process management (computing)">Process management</a></li>

<li><a href="Interrupt" title="Interrupt">Interrupts</a></li>

<li><a href="Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a></li>

<li><a href="File_system" title="File system">File system</a></li>

<li><a href="Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networking</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Input/output" title="Input/output">Input/output</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>A <b>user</b> is a person who uses a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or <a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> <a href="Service_(systems_architecture)" title="Service (systems architecture)">service</a>.

A user often has a <b>user account</b> and is identified to the system by a <b>username</b> (or <b>user name</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Some software products provide services to other systems and have no direct <a href="End_user" title="End user">end users</a>.

</p>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="End_user" title="End user">End user</a></div>

<p>End users are the ultimate human users (also referred to as <a href="Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operators</a>) of a software product. The end user stands in contrast to users who support or maintain the product such as <a href="Sysop" title="Sysop">sysops</a>, <a href="Database_administrator" title="Database administrator">database administrators</a> and <a href="Computer_technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer technician">computer technicians</a>. The term is used to abstract and distinguish those who only use the software from the developers of the system, who enhance the software for end users.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">user-centered design</a>, it also distinguishes the software operator from the client who pays for its development and other <a href="Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a> who may not directly use the software, but help establish its <a href="Software_requirements" title="Software requirements">requirements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This abstraction is primarily useful in designing the <a href="User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, and refers to a relevant subset of characteristics that most expected users would have in common.

</p><p>In user-centered design, <a href="Persona_(user-centered_design)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persona (user-centered design)">personas</a> are created to represent the types of users. It is sometimes specified for each persona which types of user interfaces it is comfortable with (due to previous experience or the interface's inherent simplicity), and what technical expertise and degree of knowledge it has in specific fields or <a href="Discipline" title="Discipline">disciplines</a>. When few constraints are imposed on the end-user category, especially when designing programs for use by the general public, it is common practice to expect minimal technical expertise or previous training in end users.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="End-user_development" title="End-user development">end-user development</a> discipline blurs the typical distinction between users and developers. It designates activities or techniques in which people who are not professional developers create automated behavior and complex data objects without significant knowledge of a programming language.

</p><p>Systems whose <a href="Actor_(UML)" title="Actor (UML)">actor</a> is another system or a <a href="Software_agent" title="Software agent">software agent</a> have no direct end users.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="User_account">User account</h2></div>

<p>A user's account allows a user to <a href="Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticate</a> to a system and potentially to receive <a href="Authorization" title="Authorization">authorization</a> to <a href="Access_control" title="Access control">access</a> resources provided by or connected to that system; however, authentication does not imply authorization. To log into an account, a user is typically required to <a href="Authenticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Authenticate">authenticate</a> oneself with a <a href="Password" title="Password">password</a> or other <a href="Credentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentials">credentials</a> for the purposes of <a href="Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a>, <a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">security</a>, logging, and <a href="Resource_management" title="Resource management">resource management</a>.

</p><p>Once the user has logged on, the operating system will often use an identifier such as an integer to refer to them, rather than their username, through a process known as <a href="Identity_correlation" title="Identity correlation">identity correlation</a>. In <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, the username is correlated with a <a href="User_identifier" title="User identifier">user identifier</a> or <i>user ID</i>.

</p><p>Computer systems operate in one of two types based on what kind of users they have:

</p>

<ul><li>Single-user systems do not have a concept of several user accounts.</li>

<li><a href="Multi-user" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-user">Multi-user</a> systems have such a concept, and require users to identify themselves before using the system.</li></ul>

<p>Each user account on a multi-user system typically has a <a href="Home_directory" title="Home directory">home directory</a>, in which to store <a href="Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> pertaining exclusively to that user's activities, which is protected from access by other users (though a <a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">system administrator</a> may have access). User accounts often contain a public <a href="User_profile" title="User profile">user profile</a>, which contains basic information provided by the account's owner. The files stored in the home directory (and all other directories in the system) have file system permissions which are inspected by the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to determine which users are granted access to read or execute a file, or to store a new file in that directory.

</p><p>While systems expect most user accounts to be used by only a single person, many systems have a special account intended to allow anyone to use the system, such as the username "anonymous" for <a href="Anonymous_FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous FTP">anonymous FTP</a> and the username "guest" for a guest account.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Password_storage">Password storage</h3></div>

<p>On <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems, local user accounts are stored in the file <code><a href="Passwd#Password_file" title="Passwd">/etc/passwd</a></code>, while user passwords may be stored at <code><a href="Passwd#Shadow_file" title="Passwd">/etc/shadow</a></code> in its <a href="Cryptographic_hash" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptographic hash">hashed</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, user passwords can be managed within the Credential Manager program.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passwords are located in the Windows profile directory.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Username_format">Username format</h3></div>

<p>Various computer operating-systems and applications expect/enforce different rules for the format.

</p><p>In <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> environments, for example, note the potential use of:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>User Principal Name (UPN) format – for example: UserName@Example.com</li>

<li>Down-Level Logon Name format – for example: DOMAIN\UserName</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

<p>Some usability professionals have expressed their dislike of the term "user" and have proposed changing it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Don Norman</a> stated that "One of the horrible words we use is 'users'. I am on a crusade to get rid of the word 'users'. I would prefer to call them 'people'."<sup id="cite_ref-centre-finesthour_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centre-finesthour-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The term "user" may imply lack of the technical expertise required to fully understand how computer systems and software products work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Power_user" title="Power user">Power users</a> use advanced features of programs, though they are not necessarily capable of <a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> and <a href="System_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="System administration">system administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="1%25_rule_(Internet_culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="1% rule (Internet culture)">1% rule (Internet culture)</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymous_post" title="Anonymous post">Anonymous post</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosumer" title="Prosumer">Prosumer</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a></li>

<li><a href="End-user_computing" title="End-user computing">End-user computing</a>, systems in which non-programmers can create working applications.</li>

<li><a href="Database#End-user_database" title="Database">End-user database</a>, a collection of data developed by individual end-users.</li>

<li><a href="End-user_development" title="End-user development">End-user development</a>, a technique that allows people who are not professional developers to perform programming tasks, i.e. to create or modify software.</li>

<li><a href="End-user_license_agreement" title="End-user license agreement">End-user license agreement</a> (<i>EULA</i>), a contract between a supplier of software and its purchaser, granting the right to use it.</li>

<li><a href="Luser" title="Luser">Luser</a></li>

<li><a href="Namechk" title="Namechk">Namechk</a></li>

<li><a href="Nickname#Computing" title="Nickname">Nickname</a></li>

<li><a href="Registered_user" title="Registered user">Registered user</a></li>

<li><a href="User_error" title="User error">User error</a></li>

<li><a href="User_agent" title="User agent">User agent</a></li>

<li><a href="User_experience" title="User experience">User experience</a></li>

<li><a href="User_space" class="mw-redirect" title="User space">User space</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other terms for username include <b>login name</b>, <b>screenname</b> (or <b>screen name</b>), <b>account name</b>, <b>nickname</b> (or <b>nick</b>) and <b>handle</b>, which is derived from the identical <a href="Citizens_band_radio" title="Citizens band radio">citizens band radio</a> term.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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